Please note: this article has been superceded by the documentation for the ChannelAdam WCF Library.
Background
In my previous article, How To Call WCF Services Properly, I researched and highlighted the typical problems with using WCF clients (such as memory and connection leaks), and concluded that the most correct solution for consuming WCF services would:
- Perform the Close/Abort pattern without a race condition;
- Handle the situation when the service operation throws exceptions;
- Handle the situations when both the
Close and Abort methods throw exceptions; and
- Handle asynchronous exceptions such as the
ThreadAbortException.
And below was my sample code for correctly using a WCF client, performing exception handling and correctly performing the Close/Abort pattern.
1SampleServiceClient client = null;
2
3try
4{
5 client = new SampleServiceClient();
6
7 var response = client.SampleOperation(1234);
8
9 // Do some business logic
10}
11catch (FaultException<MyCustomException>)
12{
13 // Do some business logic for this SOAP Fault Exception
14}
15catch (FaultException)
16{
17 // Do some business logic for this SOAP Fault Exception
18}
19catch (CommunicationException)
20{
21 // Catch this expected exception so it is not propagated further.
22 // Perhaps write this exception out to log file for gathering statistics...
23}
24catch (TimeoutException)
25{
26 // Catch this expected exception so it is not propagated further.
27 // Perhaps write this exception out to log file for gathering statistics...
28}
29catch (Exception)
30{
31 // An unexpected exception that we don't know how to handle.
32 // Perhaps write this exception out to log file for support purposes...
33 throw;
34}
35finally
36{
37 // This will:
38 // - be executed if any exception was thrown above in the 'try' (including ThreadAbortException); and
39 // - ensure that CloseOrAbortServiceChannel() itself will not be interrupted by a ThreadAbortException
40 // (since it is executing from within a 'finally' block)
41 CloseOrAbortServiceChannel(client);
42
43 // Unreference the client
44 client = null;
45}
46
47
48private void CloseOrAbortServiceChannel(ICommunicationObject communicationObject)
49{
50 bool isClosed = false;
51
52 if (communicationObject == null || communicationObject.State == CommunicationState.Closed)
53 {
54 return;
55 }
56
57 try
58 {
59 if (communicationObject.State != CommunicationState.Faulted)
60 {
61 communicationObject.Close();
62 isClosed = true;
63 }
64 }
65 catch (CommunicationException)
66 {
67 // Catch this expected exception so it is not propagated further.
68 // Perhaps write this exception out to log file for gathering statistics...
69 }
70 catch (TimeoutException)
71 {
72 // Catch this expected exception so it is not propagated further.
73 // Perhaps write this exception out to log file for gathering statistics...
74 }
75 catch (Exception)
76 {
77 // An unexpected exception that we don't know how to handle.
78 // Perhaps write this exception out to log file for support purposes...
79 throw;
80 }
81 finally
82 {
83 // If State was Faulted or any exception occurred while doing the Close(), then do an Abort()
84 if (!isClosed)
85 {
86 AbortServiceChannel(communicationObject);
87 }
88 }
89}
90
91
92private static void AbortServiceChannel(ICommunicationObject communicationObject)
93{
94 try
95 {
96 communicationObject.Abort();
97 }
98 catch (Exception)
99 {
100 // An unexpected exception that we don't know how to handle.
101 // If we are in this situation:
102 // - we should NOT retry the Abort() because it has already failed and there is nothing to suggest it could be successful next time
103 // - the abort may have partially succeeded
104 // - the actual service call may have been successful
105 //
106 // The only thing we can do is hope that the channel's resources have been released.
107 // Do not rethrow this exception because the actual service operation call might have succeeded
108 // and an exception closing the channel should not stop the client doing whatever it does next.
109 //
110 // Perhaps write this exception out to log file for gathering statistics and support purposes...
111 }
112}
Unfortunately, due to the way Microsoft designed WCF, if you want to use a WCF service client cleanly without connection or memory leaks, then above is the type of extensive code that must be written for every service operation call.
I then promised to share an even better way to achieve this - by using some programming tricks to provide a nice, clean API for working with WCF clients, that significantly reduces the amount of that code that developers have to write.
What Is The Easy, Clean and Robust Solution?
Well, here it is! Drum roll please…
After more than a month of developing late into the evening and early morning, allow me to introduce the ChannelAdam WCF Library - an open source (Apache License 2.0) library that allows you to forget about the complex subtleties of WCF clients, channels and communication states, and lets you just use your service client (very similar to how you probably are doing it now - but without the leaks!).
When you use the ChannelAdam WCF Library’s ServiceConsumer, you know that you can keep calling service operations through the ServiceConsumer and it will ‘just work’ and not leak connections or memory - no matter what happens!
The ChannelAdam WCF Library’s ServiceConsumer hides the inner complexity of service channels. For example, if a service channel / communication object / service client moves into a Fault state, the ServiceConsumer will correctly perform the Close/Abort pattern and dispose of the channel. The next time a request is made through the ServiceConsumer, a new channel is created under the covers to seamlessly process the request.
Where Do I Get The Library?
You can install the ChannelAdam.Wcf NuGet package from within Visual Studio, or find it on the NuGet.org gallery at
https://www.nuget.org/packages/ChannelAdam.Wcf.
If you are keen to see some of the programming tricks and how it works, or possibly contribute features to it, the source code for the ChannelAdam WCF Library is on GitHub at https://github.com/channeladam/ChannelAdam.Wcf.
Show Me The Basics! How Do I Use It?
Let’s assume for the duration of this article that there is a web service named FakeService and in Visual Studio we have generated a service reference and interface to FakeService, and there is now an IFakeService interface and a FakeServiceClient class to use.
That is all normal and basic Visual Studio functionality.
Let’s also assume that the service has the following operation signature:
1int AddIntegers(int first, int second);
Create a ServiceConsumer with the ServiceConsumerFactory
The first thing you need to understand is that you consume your service operations through the usage of the ChannelAdam.ServiceModel.ServiceConsumer class.
The second thing you need to understand is that the best way to create the ServiceConsumer is by using the Create method on the ChannelAdam.ServiceModel.ServiceConsumerFactory.
In order to use the ServiceConsumerFactory.Create method, simply pass in as a parameter a factory method for creating the service client.
For example:
1IServiceConsumer<IFakeService> service = ServiceConsumerFactory.Create<IFakeService>(() => new FakeServiceClient()));
The ServiceConsumerFactory.Create method returns a IServiceConsumer<TServiceInterface> type.
In all further examples, I will use the var keyword instead - such as:
1var service = ServiceConsumerFactory.Create<IFakeService>(() => new FakeServiceClient()));
Alternatively, you can pass in as a string parameter the endpoint configuration name from the service client section of your application’s .config file. For example:
1var service = ServiceConsumerFactory.Create<IFakeService>("BasicHttpBinding_IFakeService"));
Four Ways to Clean Up the ServiceConsumer
There are four ways in which the ServiceConsumer can be cleaned up:
- Explicitly with the Close method;
- Explicitly with the Dispose method;
- Implicitly via the Using statement; or
- Automatically by the Garbage Collector.
The Close Method
The ServiceConsumer and underlying channel can be closed immediately by calling the Close method on the ServiceConsumer instance.
If you want to, you still can immediately call another service operation via that same ServiceConsumer instance, as under the covers, a new service channel will be created seamlessly and automatically.
The Dispose Method
The ServiceConsumer and underlying channel can be disposed of immediately by calling the Dispose method on the ServiceConsumer instance.
As per standard IDisposable concepts, you should not attempt to reuse the ServiceConsumer after disposing it.
The Using Statement
Instead of calling the Close or Dispose methods directly, you can use the Using statement on the ServiceConsumer because it is a well behaved implementation of IDisposable (unlike Microsoft’s service clients!).
1using (var service = ServiceConsumerFactory.Create<IFakeService>(() => new FakeServiceClient())))
2{
3 ...
4}
Garbage Collection
If you happen to accidently forget to wrap your ServiceConsumer instance in a Using statement or call the Close method, rest assured that the ServiceConsumer will still be cleaned up! When the ServiceConsumer instance goes out of scope, the .NET Garbage Collector will [eventually] kick in and call its destructor/finalise method, thus correctly cleaning up the service channel and preventing any leaks.
Since there is an indeterminate amount of time before the Garbage Collector kicks in, I would recommend the Using statement approach, as it minimises the number of open channels and other resources currently in use, over the lifetime of your application.
How To Call a Service Operation
There are two ways in which to call a service operation via the ServiceConsumer:
- Via the
Operations property; or
- Via the
Consume method.
The Operations Property
The Operations property exposes the interface of your service. It can be used just like the normal service client that you already would be familiar with.
Below is an example of how to call the AddIntegers operation via the Operations property.
1using (var service = ServiceConsumerFactory.Create<IFakeService>(() => new FakeServiceClient())))
2{
3 try
4 {
5 int actualValue = service.Operations.AddIntegers(1, 1);
6 Assert.AreEqual(2, actualValue);
7 }
8 ...
9}
And below is an example of how to do some exception handling.
1using (var service = ServiceConsumerFactory.Create<IFakeService>(() => new FakeServiceClient())))
2{
3 try
4 {
5 int actualValue = service.Operations.AddIntegers(1, 1);
6 Assert.AreEqual(2, actualValue);
7 }
8 catch (FaultException<MyCustomException> fe)
9 {
10 Console.WriteLine("Service operation threw a custom fault: " + fe.ToString());
11 }
12 catch (FaultException fe)
13 {
14 Console.WriteLine("Service operation threw a fault: " + fe.ToString());
15 }
16 catch (Exception ex)
17 {
18 Console.WriteLine("An unexpected error occurred while calling the service operation: " + ex.ToString());
19 }
20}
You may notice that there is now no need to catch a CommunicationException or TimeOutException and try to perform the Close/Abort pattern, as the underlying channel is dealt with automatically for you by the ServiceConsumer.
The Consume Method
As an alternative to the Operations property, you can call a service operation via the Consume method on the ServiceConsumer instance.
The Consume method returns an instance of IOperationResult<TReturnTypeOfYourOperation> which wraps the result of the operation. This interface has the following helpful properties:
TReturnTypeOfYourOperation Value - which gives you access to the return value from the operation;bool HasException - whether there was an exception thrown by the service operation;bool HasNoException - whether there was not an exception thrown by the service operation;bool HasFaultException - whether an exception of type FaultException was thrown by the service operation;bool HasFaultException<OfThisType> - whether an exception of FaultException<OfThisType> was thrown by the service operation; andException Exception - the exception that was thrown by the service operation.
Below is an example of how to call the AddIntegers operation via the Consume method.
1using (var service = ServiceConsumerFactory.Create<IFakeService>(() => new FakeServiceClient())))
2{
3 IOperationResult<int> result = service.Consume(operation => operation.AddIntegers(1, 1));
4
5 if (result.HasNoException)
6 {
7 Assert.AreEqual(2, result.Value);
8 }
9 ...
10}
And below is an example of how to do some exception handling with IOperationResult.
1using (var service = ServiceConsumerFactory.Create<IFakeService>(() => new FakeServiceClient())))
2{
3 var result = service.Consume(operation => operation.AddIntegers(1, 1));
4
5 if (result.HasNoException)
6 {
7 int actualValue = result.Value;
8 Assert.AreEqual(2, actualValue);
9 }
10 else
11 {
12 if (result.HasFaultExceptionOfType<MyCustomException>())
13 {
14 Console.WriteLine("Service operation threw a custom fault: " + result.Exception.ToString());
15 }
16 else if (result.HasFaultException)
17 {
18 Console.WriteLine("Service operation threw a fault: " + result.Exception.ToString());
19 }
20 else
21 {
22 Console.WriteLine("An unexpected error occurred while calling the service operation: " + result.Exception.ToString());
23 }
24 }
25}
More Advanced Usage - With IoC Containers
It is easy to use the ServiceConsumerFactory from Inversion of Control (IoC) containers. Below are examples with three popular IoC containers.
Let’s assume that there is the following class and we want to perform constructor injection with it.
1public class ConstructorInjectedController
2{
3 public IServiceConsumer<IFakeService> FakeService { get; set; }
4
5 /// <summary>
6 /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="ConstructorInjectedController"/> class.
7 /// </summary>
8 /// <param name="fakeService">The fake service.</param>
9 public ConstructorInjectedController(IServiceConsumer<IFakeService> fakeService)
10 {
11 this.FakeService = fakeService;
12 }
13}
AutoFac
Here is how to use the ServiceConsumerFactory with AutoFac.
1var builder = new Autofac.ContainerBuilder();
2builder.Register(c => ServiceConsumerFactory.Create<IFakeService>("BasicHttpBinding_IFakeService")).InstancePerDependency();
3builder.RegisterType<ConstructorInjectedController>();
4
5var autofacContainer = builder.Build();
6
7var controller = autofacContainer.Resolve<ConstructorInjectedController>();
SimpleInjector
Here is how to use the ServiceConsumerFactory with SimpleInjector.
1var simpleInjectorContainer = new SimpleInjector.Container();
2simpleInjectorContainer.Register(() => ServiceConsumerFactory.Create<IFakeService>("BasicHttpBinding_IFakeService"), SimpleInjector.Lifestyle.Transient);
3simpleInjectorContainer.Verify();
4
5var controller = simpleInjectorContainer.GetInstance<ConstructorInjectedController>();
Unity
And, here is how to use the ServiceConsumerFactory with Unity.
1var unityContainer = new UnityContainer();
2
3unityContainer
4 .RegisterType<IServiceConsumer<IFakeService>>(
5 new TransientLifetimeManager(),
6 new InjectionFactory(c => ServiceConsumerFactory.Create<IFakeService>("BasicHttpBinding_IFakeService")))
7
8 //
9 // OR
10 //
11 //.RegisterType<IServiceConsumer<IFakeService>>(
12 // new InjectionFactory(c => ServiceConsumerFactory.Create<IFakeService>(() => new FakeServiceClient())))
13
14 //
15 // OR more 'correctly'
16 //
17 //.RegisterType<IFakeService, FakeServiceClient>(new TransientLifetimeManager())
18 //.RegisterType<IServiceConsumer<IFakeService>>(
19 // new InjectionFactory(c =>
20 // ServiceConsumerFactory.Create<IFakeService>(() => (ICommunicationObject)c.Resolve<IFakeService>())))
21 ;
22
23var controller = unityContainer.Resolve<ConstructorInjectedController>();
But Wait, There’s More - Channel Close Trigger Strategies
When an exception occurs while calling the service operation, the ServiceConsumer follows a specific strategy to determine whether the exception and/or current channel state is severe enough to necessitate and trigger the closing/aborting of the service channel.
These “Service Channel Close Trigger Strategies” are an implementation of the interface IServiceChannelCloseTriggerStrategy. There is one method in this interface:
1bool ShouldCloseChannel(ICommunicationObject channel, Exception exception);
If the method ShouldCloseChannel returns true, then the ServiceConsumer will perform the Close/Abort pattern.
Out of the box, the DefaultServiceChannelCloseTriggerStrategy is used. This strategy is very simple, effective and safe. It triggers a close to occur if the exception is anything but a FaultException, regardless of the state of the service channel. It is highly probable that the channel is no longer usable in the case where there was any other type of exception.
If you find that this strategy does not suit your need, you can create your own class that implements that interface and specify your class as one of the overloads of the Create method on the ServiceConsumerFactory. Alternatively, you can directly set the property ChannelCloseTriggerStrategy on the ServiceConsumer instance itself.
But Wait, There’s More - Exception Behaviour Strategies
As you know, the ServiceConsumer automatically handles the clean up of service channels. If an exception occurs at any point throughout the usage of the channel, the ServiceConsumer will catch it and close the channel if necessary. In some cases, for example, if an exception occurs while attempting to close the channel, the ServiceConsumer does not want to propagate the exception back to the calling code, as it is not the caller’s concern. In order to be a good citizen and prevent the ServiceConsumer from swallowing exceptions, the concept of the “Exception Behaviour Strategy” was born.
Whenever an exception occurs throughout the lifetime of the ServiceConsumer, a corresponding method on the configured Exception Behaviour Strategy class is invoked, thus allowing the exception to be logged and statistics recorded for an organisation’s support purposes.
Each Exception Behaviour Strategy class implements the interface IServiceConsumerExceptionBehaviourStrategy. This interface contains the following methods:
PerformFaultExceptionBehaviour - the behaviour to perform when a fault exception occurs while the service operation is called;PerformCommunicationExceptionBehaviour - the behaviour to perform when a communication exception occurs while the service operation is called;PerformTimeoutExceptionBehaviour - the behaviour to perform when a timeout exception occurs while the service operation is called;PerformUnexpectedExceptionBehaviour - the behaviour to perform when an unexpected exception occurs while the service operation is called;PerformCloseCommunicationExceptionBehaviour - the behaviour to perform when a communication exception occurs during a close;PerformCloseTimeoutExceptionBehaviour - the behaviour to perform when a timeout exception occurs during a close;PerformCloseUnexpectedExceptionBehaviour - the behaviour to perform when an unexpected exception occurs during a close;PerformAbortExceptionBehaviour - the behaviour to perform when an exception occurs during an abort; andPerformDestructorExceptionBehaviour - the behaviour to perform when an exception occurs during a destructor/Finalize method.
The ChannelAdam.Wcf Library comes with the following Exception Behaviour Strategies:
NullServiceConsumerExceptionBehaviourStrategy - which does not write out any exception details anywhere;StandardOutServiceConsumerExceptionBehaviourStrategy - which writes out all exceptions to the Standard Error stream; andStandardErrorServiceConsumerExceptionBehaviourStrategy - which writes out all exceptions to the Standard Out stream.
By default, the ServiceConsumerFactory configures each ServiceConsumer with the StandardErrorServiceConsumerExceptionBehaviourStrategy.
There are three ways to change the Exception Behaviour Strategy that is assigned when you create a ServiceConsumer:
- Specify a different Exception Behaviour Strategy on one of the overloads of the
Create method on the ServiceConsumerFactory;
- Directly set the property
ChannelCloseTriggerStrategy on the ServiceConsumer instance itself; or
- Change the default - in some bootstrap code, set the static property
ServiceConsumerFactory.DefaultExceptionBehaviourStrategy to your desired strategy. From then on, that strategy will be used by default.
As I expect will be the case, many organisations will want to use a logging library and write out the exceptions to a log file somewhere. Easy - just implement the interface and set it as the default in some bootstrap code.
But Wait, There’s More - Retry Capability for Handling Transient Faults
When you call your web services, do you currently handle transient errors that may occur (such as the network briefly dropping out), and have some automatic retry logic?
Well, the ChannelAdam WCF Library has some built-in support for the Microsoft Practices Transient Fault Handling Library - but only when you use the Consume method and not when you use the Operations property.
Naive Retry Logic with the Operations Property
Below is an example naive implementation of retry logic (without the help of any library) while using the Operations property.
1int retryCount = 1;
2Exception lastException = null;
3
4using (var service = ServiceConsumerFactory.Create<IFakeService>(() => new FakeServiceClient()))
5{
6 while (retryCount > 0)
7 {
8 Console.WriteLine("#### Retry count: " + retryCount);
9
10 try
11 {
12 int actual = service.Operations.AddIntegers(1, 1);
13
14 Console.WriteLine("Actual: " + actual);
15 Assert.AreEqual(2, actual);
16
17 return;
18 }
19 catch (FaultException fe)
20 {
21 lastException = fe;
22 Console.WriteLine("Service operation threw a fault: " + fe.ToString());
23 }
24 catch (Exception ex)
25 {
26 lastException = ex;
27 Console.WriteLine("Technical error occurred while calling the service operation: " + ex.ToString());
28 }
29
30 retryCount--;
31 }
32}
33
34Assert.Fail("Service operation was not successfully called");
Unfortunately that code is lengthy and error prone.
Retry Logic with Operations Property and the Microsoft Library
The code above can be improved upon by using the Microsoft Practices Transient Fault Handling Library, as below.
You will notice in this example, I am using the ChannelAdam.ServiceModel.SoapFaultWebServiceTransientErrorDetectionStrategy to determine if there was a transient error or not. If the given exception was a FaultException, this strategy says that was not a transient error and therefore do not retry. If on the other hand any other type of exception occurs, then this strategy will tell the Microsoft library to retry according to the retry policy.
1Exception lastException;
2
3using (var service = ServiceConsumerFactory.Create<IFakeService>(() => new FakeServiceClient()))
4{
5 try
6 {
7 int actual = 0;
8
9 var retryStrategy = new Incremental(5, TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2), TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2));
10 var retryPolicy = new RetryPolicy<SoapFaultWebServiceTransientErrorDetectionStrategy>(retryStrategy);
11
12 retryPolicy.ExecuteAction(() =>
13 {
14 actual = service.Operations.AddIntegers(1, 1);
15 });
16
17 Console.WriteLine("Actual: " + actual);
18 Assert.AreEqual(2, actual);
19
20 return;
21 }
22 catch (FaultException fe)
23 {
24 lastException = fe;
25 Console.WriteLine("Service operation threw a fault: " + fe.ToString());
26 }
27 catch (Exception ex)
28 {
29 lastException = ex;
30 Console.WriteLine("Technical error occurred while calling the service operation: " + ex.ToString());
31 }
32
33 Assert.Fail("Service operation was not successfully called");
Retry Logic with the Consume Method
For me, both code examples above that use the Operations property is clunky - which is why I prefer using the Consume method!
When using the Consume method, there are three ways to set the retry policy:
- Setting the static property
DefaultRetryPolicy on the ServiceConsumerFactory - which will apply to all created instances;
- As an overload to the
Create method on the ServiceConsumerFactory - which will apply just to that ServiceConsumer instance to be created; or
- As one of the overloads on the
Consume method itself.
For example, the overload on the Consume method:
1using (var service = ServiceConsumerFactory.Create<IFakeService>(() => new FakeServiceClient()))
2{
3 var retryStrategy = new Incremental(5, TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2), TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2));
4 var retryPolicy = new RetryPolicy<SoapFaultWebServiceTransientErrorDetectionStrategy>(retryStrategy);
5
6 var result = service.Consume(operation => operation.AddIntegers(1, 1), retryPolicy);
7
8 if (result.HasNoException)
9 {
10 Console.WriteLine("Actual: " + result.Value);
11 Assert.AreEqual(2, result.Value);
12 }
13 else
14 {
15 if (result.HasFaultException)
16 {
17 Console.WriteLine("Service operation threw a fault: " + result.Exception.ToString());
18 }
19 else if (result.HasException)
20 {
21 Console.WriteLine("An unexpected error occurred while calling the service operation: " + result.Exception.ToString());
22 }
23
24 Assert.Fail("Service operation was not successfully called");
25 }
26}
Perhaps you too may agree that using the retry strategy with the Consume method is simpler and cleaner, in comparison with the Operations property.
What Else Does the ServiceConsumer Do?
If you want to know at a deeper level how the ServiceConsumer and its friends behave, perhaps you would like to read the Behaviour Specifications feature file.
Conclusion
The ChannelAdam WCF Library is designed to make your life as a developer easier when consuming WCF services, by abstracting away the complexities of service channel state transitions and the odd behaviour of the Microsoft WCF libraries that do not comply with even their own design guidelines.
In doing this, the ChannelAdam ServiceConsumer once and for all prevents memory and connection leaks, gives developers the ability to plug in their own strategies for handling different situations (such as logging exceptions), and provides a built-in mechanism to retry service operation calls when transient faults occur.
I hope you like it, and I welcome your feedback!